Origin and Evolution of The Telephone

Johnson cites the growth of Dallas, Texas, as a case in point. The Texas Tele rally caller-up had the phone-service franchise in tiny Garland, Texas, some miles east of Dallas in the 1950s. But in the 1950s, Garland and Dallas began to grow to contendd each early(a). The Garland rallying, Johnson says,

had long rustic lines providing service in the area squarely among the enormous city and the small town. It was an area which Bell [metropolitan rally caller] had refused to act because of the small number of customers. However, as Dallas developed to contendd Garland, Bell go in and at times removed Texas Telephone Company telephones, leaving the instruments on the front porch after putting in Bell equipment. . . . Some subscribers wanted to keep both telephones in order to avoid a toll call between Garland and Dallas, but that was apparently not going to be permitted by Bell.

It appears that technological standardization and franchise-area regulation was an important peculiarity of telephone service between 1950 and 1960.

In particular, access to the telephone appears to have provided women with access to society more generally. And this was most square(a) of women located in rural areas. In this regard, citing the experiences of women in the Hesperian provinces of Canada, Davis says that access to te

Martin, Michele. "'Rulers of the Wires'? Women's Contribution to the structure of Means of Communication." Journal of Communication Inquiry 12 (1988): 89-103.

in the flesh(predicate) recollections of how the telephone affected individual lives are most hit among women who were located in rural or semirural areas. My aunt in Iowa recalls two things primarily: first, the fact of a party line, although at that place was only one other person on her line, who lived intimately one-half mile down the street; and second, the fact that, during military personnel War II, it was extremely hard to get telephone service, either to improve transmission clarity or to obtain repairs on the telephone instrument. Her recollection about the party line confirms academic analysis covered in this research.

As to the issue of obtaining phone service in World War II, she recalls that her parents wanted to exchange the instrument attached to the wall for a standard handset because the sound quality of the telephone was poor. However, her parents explained that the "new" phones were needed for the war effort. How a new phone unit could detract from the war effort was always unclear, until recently. A document included in Johnson's corporate history of a regional telephone company (not Iowa) is instructive. This is a facsimile of an order of the War Production get on limiting future phone installations, issued in 1942, which points out that strategical minerals are used to manufacture telephones. The order makes clear that not installing new phone conversions would save "approximately 35,500 stacks of lead, 29,000 tons of iron and steel, 29,500 tons of copper . . . and large quantities of other scarce materials vitally needed."

On the other hand, it appears that women had an impact on the way in which telephone services were delivered, as wellhead as on the way they were consumed. The first telephone operators were recent men, but "the experiment seems to have been an instant disaster. The job demanded the virtues of attention an
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